teaching machines

Homework 5 – Plaid Scientist

Your objective in this homework is to learn how to organize and process data using arrays. You will do this in the context of writing a program that generates plaid patterns.

Arrays have two features that are indispensible when building software: they help us manage large sequences of data by collecting the data into a single container, and they let us reach into the data with integer indices—which means we can write all sorts of algorithms that look up or access data indirectly.

This assignment is more involved and less easy to test in small chunks than your previous assignments. Plan accordingly.

Before we dig into the specification, let’s talk about plaid and the image formats you will be using.

Plaid

Plaid patterns are generated by weaving together yarns of different colors in algorithmic patterns. One can use a rectangular frame or loom to generate these patterns. First, yarn is stretched from the top of the loom to the bottom in a series of columns or warps. Then horizontal strands of yarn are weaved through the warps. Because these strands are the active agents of the weaving, they are called wefts.

Twill

The weaver has choices about how to string the horizontal wefts through the vertical warps. One could go over one warp, under the next, over the next, under the next, and so on. This pattern is called a 1/1 twill. The weaver goes over two warps, under one warp, over two warps, under one warp, and so on, to produce a 2/1 twill pattern. A 3/2 twill pattern goes over 3 warps, under 2, over 3, under 2, and so on.

Color

The yarns themselves are dyed in repeating patterns. For example, a yarn might be dyed cornflower blue for 2 inches and pumpkin for 1 inch, with this pattern repeated along the whole length of the yarn.

The combination of the geometric alternation of the twill and the alternation of colors of the warps and wefts produces the comforting plaid patterns that we find in our flannel shirts, tablecloths, and other fabrics.

File Format

In this homework, we describe plaid patterns in a plain text file that has a form like the following:

hmirror true
vmirror false
twill 3 1

palette
salmon 240 142 125
marzipan 240 200 125
endpalette

yarn
salmon 2
marzipan 4
endyarn

There are five possible commands: hmirror, vmirror, twill, palette, and yarn. They may appear in any order. There may be multiple palette and yarn sections—but if you follow the pseudocode suggested later, you don’t need to do anything special to support this. We will consider how these commands are interpreted in the following sections.

Yarn

In the example plaid specification above, we see that the yarn alternates between 2 units of salmon and 4 units of marzipan. The RGB values of these colors are defined in the palette section. The base yarn pattern looks like this:

We use this base pattern to form the colorings of the warps and wefts.

Warp

The vmirror property is false, so we use the base yarn pattern directly to form the vertical warp pattern:

When strung on the loom, the warp pattern will repeat to span the loom’s height:

If we were to string 12 of these warps on a loom, we’d see the following color pattern:

Of course, this is not the final fabric. We still need to string the weft through.

Weft

The weft is different because hmirror is true. Instead of repeating the base yarn pattern directly, we mirror it first. The base is 2 salmon and 4 marzipan, and therefore the mirrored pattern is 2 salmon, 4 marzipan, 4 marzipan, and 2 salmon:

When repeated along the width of the loom, we see this for the wefts:

If we laid out a number of wefts as we did with the warps, we might suppose we’d see a pattern like this:

To add some visual variety, however, weavers shift the pattern one step after each row, like so:

Weaving Algorithm

We now know what a fabric of all warps would look like, and we know what a fabric of all wefts would look like. But a weave is a selective combination of the warps and the wefts. The twill pattern tells us which of the two will be visible. If the twill is 2/1, we see weft-weft-warp, weft-weft-warp, and so on. If the twill is 3/1, we see weft-weft-weft-warp, weft-weft-weft-warp, and so on.

Suppose we weave the plaid patterns in an image instead of a loom, stringing the warps along its columns and the wefts along its rows. At each pixel, we must decide whether we use the color from the warp or the weft. Considering all the information above regarding the twill, warps, wefts, and shifting, we formulate this algorithm:

period = over count + under count
for each row r
twill index = 0 for row 0, 1 for row 1, etc.
for each column c
if twill index says we're in weft zone
choose color from weft according to c
else
choose color from warp according to r
set pixel to chosen color
advance twill index by 1

Though not shown in this pseudocode, the twill index must always wrap back around to 0 when it reaches the period or beyond.

PPM

To visualize the color data that we generate by our weaving algorithm, we have to write it out in a format that image editors can read. JPEG and PNG are popular formats, but they use mathematics beyond the scope of this course to shrink down the file size. We will instead use a very readable format called Portable Pixmap (PPM).

Humans can open a PPM file in a text editor and understand it with some labor. Consider this PPM, for example:

P3
2 4
255
255 0 0
0 255 0
0 0 255
255 255 0
255 0 255
0 255 255
255 255 255
0 0 0

The first line is P3. Many file formats specify a magic number, a special sequence of bytes that tells applications what kind of file it is. P3 is the magic number for the PPM format. The second line (2 4) is the image’s width and height. The third line (255) is the maximum intensity found in any color. A color whose red, green, and blue components are this number will display as white. For our purposes, assume this number is always 255. The next lines are the individual pixel triplets, row by row. The first pixel in this example is red, and the second is green. Then we have blue and yellow. Then magenta and cyan. And finally white and black. The first pixel in the file is shown at the top-left of the image.

Paste the text into a file and view it with an image editor like The GIMP. Not all editors can read PPM. You should see an image that looks like this:

Tweak color values in the text file and see what happens. Make sure you understand the file structure before moving on.

Requirements

Complete the classes described below. Place all classes in package hw5. Make all methods static.

Main

Write class Main with a main method, which you are encouraged to use to test your code. Nothing in particular is required of it, but it must exist.

ImageUtilities

Write class ImageUtilities with the following methods:

• Method writePPM that exports a 2D Color array to an image file in the Portable Pixmap (PPM) format. It accepts two parameters in the following order:
• a File to which to write
• a 2D Color array of pixels
Assume the array is organized in row major fashion, meaning that the first index is the row, and the second is the column. This method writes the array to the file according the PPM format described above. Use platform-independent line breaks (println, or printf with %n).
• Method pixelsToImage that converts a 2D Color array to a BufferedImage. It accepts a 2D Color array of pixels as its sole parameter. Assume the array is organized in row major fashion, has at least one row of pixels, and has rows that are of identical length. It returns a BufferedImage of type TYPE_INT_RGB. This method is useful for testing. You could, for example, call this method in Main, and use ImageIO.write to save the image in a more standard format than PPM.

PlaidUtilities

Write class PlaidUtilities with the following methods:

• Method extendSequence that appends a color to a list a certain number of times. It accepts three parameters in the following order:
• A list of colors of type ArrayList<Color>
• A color to add of type Color
• A run-length, or the number of times to append the color, of type int
For example, suppose list contains Color.RED and Color.GREEN. Then extendSequence(list, Color.BLUE, 2) changes the list so that it has elements [Color.RED, Color.GREEN, Color.BLUE, Color.BLUE].
• Method mirrorSequence that appends a reversed version of a list to itself. It accepts as its sole parameter a list of colors of type ArrayList<Color>. Suppose list contains Color.RED and Color.GREEN. Then mirrorSequence(list) changes the list so that it has elements [Color.RED, Color.GREEN, Color.GREEN, Color.RED].
• Method parsePalette that parses the palette section of a plaid specification. It accepts three parameters in the following order:
• a Scanner that’s poised to read the first color entry
• a list of color names of type ArrayList<String>
• a list of colors of type ArrayList<Color>
The two lists are associated with each other. That is, name i is the name given to color i. This method reads colors until it encounters endpalette. Names are appended to the names list, and colors are appended to the colors list—maintaining their association. For example, suppose the text about to be read is this:
cornflower 100 149 237
teal 0 128 128
endpalette
Suppose that names currently holds ["background"] and colors holds [Color.BLACK]. After a call to parsePalette(in, names, colors), names will hold ["background", "cornflower", "teal"], and colors will hold [Color.BLACK, new Color(100, 149, 237), new Color(0, 128, 128)].

Spreading data that is linked together, like colors and their names, across multiple arrays is not the best design. (These linked arrays are sometimes called parallel arrays.) We will see a better way of keeping linked data together when we start creating our own objects.

• Method parseYarn that parses the yarn section of a plaid specification. It accepts three parameters in the following order:
• a Scanner that’s poised to read the first color entry
• a list of color names of type ArrayList<String>
• a list of run-lengths of type ArrayList<Integer>
The two lists are associated with each other. That is, name i is associated with length i. This method reads yarn colors until it encounters endyarn. Names are appended to the names list, and lengths are appended to the lengths list—maintaining their association. For example, suppose the text about to be read is this:
cornflower 5
teal 3
endpalette
Suppose that names currently holds ["border"] and lengths holds [2]. After a call to parseYarn(in, names, lengths), names will hold ["border", "cornflower", "teal"], and lengths will hold [2, 5, 3].
• Method colorByName that looks up a named color from a directory. It accepts three parameters in the following order:
• a list of names of type ArrayList<String>
• a list of colors of type ArrayList<Color>
• a name of type String
The two lists form a “directory”. Name i is the readable name used to identify color i. This method determines the Color associated with the given name by scanning the names list and returning the associated color. If the name cannot be found in the directory, it returns null.
• Method generateSequence that expands a list of colors names and their run-lengths into a single flat list of colors. It accepts five parameters in the following order:
• a list of color names in the palette, of type ArrayList<String>
• a list of colors in the palette, of type ArrayList<Color>
• a list of color names in the yarn, of type ArrayList<String>
• a list of run-lengths in the yarn, of type ArrayList<Integer>
• a boolean that is true if the sequence should be mirrored
This method returns a new ArrayList of Color that is produced by traversing the yarn colors, appending each named color to the returned list. The number of times each color is appended is determined by the color’s run-length. For example, suppose we’ve got the following variables:
• paletteNames with elements ["light", "dark"]
• paletteColors with elements [Color.LIGHT_GRAY, COLOR.DARK_GRAY]
• yarnNames with elements ["dark", "light"]
• yarnRunLengths with elements [2, 1]
Then generateSequence(paletteNames, paletteColors, yarnNames, yarnRunLengths, false) → [Color.DARK_GRAY, Color.DARK_GRAY, Color.LIGHT_GRAY]. If the sequence is mirrored, then we have [Color.DARK_GRAY, Color.DARK_GRAY, Color.LIGHT_GRAY, Color.LIGHT_GRAY, Color.DARK_GRAY, Color.DARK_GRAY].
• Method weave that produces a plaid pattern of a certain resolution. It accepts six parameters in the following order:
• an image width of type int
• an image height of type int
• a warp pattern of type ArrayList<Color>
• a weft pattern of type ArrayList<Color>
• a twill’s over count of type int
• a twill’s under count of type int
It returns a 2D array of Color, which is filled according to weaving algorithm described above.
• Method generatePlaid that reads in a plaid specification and returns the plaid image as a 2D Color array. It accepts three parameters in the following order:
• the File containing the plaid specification
• an image width of type int
• an image height of type int
This method should follow this general pseudocode:
set up needed variables

# do parsing
while there's a command to be read
if command is this
respond to this
else if command is that
respond to that
...

use variables to generate array
This method consumes a number of lines of code because of the loop, but most of its meat is accomplished by calling methods defined above.

Extra

For an extra credit participation point, identify some plaid in your life and recreate it using your program. Share a photo of the original plaid, your plaid specification, and a resulting PNG image on Piazza under folder ec5 by the due date. The submission garnering the most votes will be honored in some way.

Submission

1. Run the SpecChecker by selecting hw5 SpecChecker from the run configurations dropdown in IntelliJ IDEA and clicking the run button.